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The Censo General de Población y Vivienda (''General Census of Population and Housing'', or ''National Census of…'') is the main national census for Mexico. It is produced by the national statistics agency INEGI, a decentralized agency of the Mexican Federal government, with the purpose of collating and reporting detailed demographic, socioeconomic and geographical data from across the nation. Since 1900 the ''censo general'' has been conducted on a decennial basis, taking place the year ending in zero of each decade. The only variation to this schedule thus far occurred with the fourth census (''IV censo general''), where difficulties arising from the Mexican Revolution resulted in its deferral from 1920 to 1921.〔INEGI (n.d.)〕 As of 2014 there have been a total of 13 ''censos generales'' taken at the national level, the most recent completed in 2010.〔 From the 1990s INEGI began to produce an intermediate series of national population and housing censuses, surveying only a smaller and selected subset of key demographic indicators. This intermediate series—the Conteo de Población y Vivienda (''Count of Population and Housing'')—is also conducted decennially, in the years ending in "5" midway between two successive ''censos generales''. These ''conteos'' allow the planning for public policy and services to be based on data that is more current than would otherwise be the case, as the alternating ''conteos'' and ''censos'' provide a refresh of key population indices that is no more than five years old. ==History== The practice of census-taking in Mexico may have precedents dating back to the late pre-Columbian period. According to traditions recorded in several of the post-conquest historical sources, Xolotl—a 12th-century ruler of a "Chichimec" polity in the Valley of Mexico—ordered that a review be undertaken to enumerate the populace under his control. This survey, carried out at a place adjoining his capital Tenayuca,〔This locality subsequently named ''Nepōhualco'' in Classical Nahuatl, signifying "the place of enumeration".〕 is supposed to have been conducted by the addition of stones to a pile representing each person counted.〔See for example the retelling of this tradition in Clavigero (1807, p.92), and the version of this given in INEGI (n.d.). Clavigero's account, written in the late 18th century, was based on Fray Juan de Torquemada's ''Monarchia Indiana'', first published in 1615. Clavigero himself goes on to doubt some of what Torquemada wrote on the tale, citing aspects of it as "incredible". Nepohualco and the survey is also referenced in the codex Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca (folio 33R); see Wimmer (2006).〕 During the later Aztec Empire, it is known that written census-like records were used to keep track of land ownership and the tribute obligations of individual city-states (''altepetl'') across central Mexico.〔Smith (2003, p.54)〕 In the decades after the conquest and Spanish colonial expansion, the administrators and missionaries for the ''Real Audiencia'' of Mexico began the systematic collection of population data for the new territories. One such was the document known as the ''Suma de visitas de pueblos por orden alfabético'' from 1548, which contained a survey and description of 907 villages and settlements in central Mexico.〔Carrera Stampa (1968, pp.6–7 (reproduction )).〕 A census taken twenty years later in 1568, taking in some 90% of the towns and villages of Central Mexico, is probably the most comprehensive of the 16th-century records still extant.〔INEGI (n.d.), Smith (2003, pp.57–58).〕 During the later Colonial period in the 17th century a number of other demographic counts and compilations were made. In general the data from these—likely incomplete and rudimentary—are no longer preserved.〔INEGI (n.d.)〕 It was not until the late 18th century that an accounting of the population was conducted, known as the Revillagigedo census, that could be said to resemble a "''censo general''" with something approaching a national extent. Conducted under viceroy Juan de Güemes Padilla, Count of Revillagigedo between 1790 and 1791, some forty volumes of data from this census are conserved in the Mexican national archives.〔 When Mexican independence from Spain was achieved in 1824, the new Republic sought a process to enumerate the citizens in each of its constituent federative states and entities.〔Vera Bolaños & Pimienta Lastra (1998, p.4)〕 Article 12 of the 1824 Constitution of Mexico expressed the intention:
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